The Geologic Column, fałdowanie skał
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The Geologic Column
The Geologic Column
Sean D. Pitman, M.D.
¨ August 2005
Updated March 2010
The Grand Canyon
Table of Contents
Video Overview
Countering Mainstream Thinking
Erosion Problems
An Alternative Explanation
Younger with Time
Monument Valley
Arches National Park
Paraconformities
Clastic Dikes
Lithification Rates
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The Geologic Column
Big Horn Basin and Beartooth Butte
Shale Beds
Nonconformities
The Coconino Sand Dunes
Meteorites in the Geologic Column
Turbidites and W ater Sorting
Volcanic Signatures
Varves
Continental Drift
Paleomagnetism
Paleocurrents
Ocean Sedimentation Rates
Bioturbation
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The Geologic Column
Features that Dramatically Counter Mainstream Thinking
Continental erosion rates: Time constraint: < 10 million years (
Link
)
Mountain sedimentary layer erosion rates: < 10 million years (
Link
)
Ocean sediment influx vs. subduction: < 5 million years (
Link
)
Detrimental mutation rate for humans: Extinction in < 2 million years (
Link
)
Radiocarbon in coal and oil: < 100,000 years (
Link
)
Preserved proteins in fossils: < 100,000 years (
Link
)
Paraconformities: < 10,000 years (
Link
)
Erosion rates between layers: < 10,000 years per layer (
Link
)
Pure thick coal beds: < 100 years (
Link
)
Minimal bioturbation between layers < 5 years per layer (
Link
)
Worldwide paleocurrent patterns: < 1 year (
Link
)
Such time constraints are far more consistent with catastrophic events vs. mainstream thinking which seems to be off from
the maximum allowable ages suggested above by several orders of magnitude...
Erosion Problems
(
Back to Top
)
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The Geologic Column
The Young Age of the Earth
Part 3
One of the very foundations of evolution and popular science today is the "geologic column." This column is made up of layers of
sedimentary rock that supposedly formed over millions and even billions of years. Although not found in all locations and although it
varies in thickness as well as the numbers of layers present, this column can be found generally over the entire globe. Many of its
layers can even be found on top of great mountains - such as Mt. Everest and the American Rockies. In some places, such as the
mile deep Grand Canyon, the layers of the column have been revealed in dramatic display.
Certainly the existence of the column and its layered nature is quite clear, but what does it mean? Is it really a record of millions
and even billions of years of Earth's history? Or, viewed from a different perspective perhaps, does it say something else entirely?
As one looks at the geologic column, it is obvious that the
contact zones, between the various layers, are generally very flat
and smooth relative to each other (though the layers may be tilted
relative to what is currently horizontal or even warped since their
original "flat" formation). Many of the layers extend over hundreds
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The Geologic Column
of thousands of square miles and yet their contact zones remain
as smooth and parallel with each other as if sheets of glass were
laid on top of one another (before they were warped). And yet,
each layer is supposed to have formed over thousands if not
millions of years? Wouldn't it be logical to assume that there
should be a fair amount of weathering of each of these layers over
that amount of time? But this expected uneven weathering is
generally lacking (see illustration).
1
Just about all the layers have
un-weathered or at best very rapidly weathered parallel and
smooth contact zones. Long term erosion always results in
uneven surfaces and this unevenness is only accentuated over
time. How then are the layers found throughout the geologic
column so generally even and smooth relative to each other?
This general evenness and smoothness of sedimentary
layers throughout the geologic column is rather odd especially considering the fact that the current weathering rate for the continents
of today averages about 6cm/thousand years for the continental shelves.
2,55
This means that in less than 10 million years, the entire
continental shelves of today would be washed into the oceans to be replaced by new underlying materials. This presents a problem
since very old sediments, dating in the hundreds of millions of years, remain atop all the continental shelves - wonderfully preserved
despite many tens of and sometimes hundreds of millions of years of erosive pressure?
This problem has been well recognized for some time now. Back in 1971 Dott and Batten noted:
"North America is being denuded at a rate that could level it in a mere 10 million years, or, to put it another
way, at the same rate, ten North Americas could have been eroded since middle Cretaceous time 100 m.y. ago."
62
Also, back in a 1986 article published in the journal Geomorphology, B. W. Sparks commented:
"Some of these rates [of erosion] are obviously staggering; the Yellow River could peneplain [flatten out] an
area with the average height that of Everest in 10 million years. The student has two courses open to him: to
accept long extrapolations of short-term denudation [erosion] figures and doubt the reality of the erosion
surfaces, or to accept the erosion surfaces and be skeptical about the validity of long extrapolations of present
erosion rates."
56
Many scientists reason very old sedimentary
layers can still be found relatively intact on the
continental shelves because in the past they were
much thicker. It is just that the layers above have
been eroded away.
In this line of reasoning, consider that the
current layer toping the region around the Grand
Canyon, the Kaibab, was once buried under sediment
no thicker than 2,000 meters for a total thickness of
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