The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments (gnv64),
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THE GOLDEN BOOK OF
CheJm:ll.s1try Exper:ll.Jmen1ts
How to Set Up a Home Laboratory-
Over 200 Simple Experiments
BY ROBERT BRENT
ILLUSTRATED BY HARRY LAZAR US
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GOLDEN PRESS
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NEW YORK
.
~rJs
U sed
by
Chem.:lsts
Add, 8
h~·drogerJ.-eont8ining
co m poun d
t h a t r elea ses h ydro ge n io ns in so l u t io n.
AlIo}- , a m a teri a l ma de up 0 )" combining
t wo or m or e m et al s.
.-\nal}·~i",
breakin g do wn a co m po u n d
in to
1"'-0
o r m or e su b sta nc es .
Anh)'drous , fre e Crom wa te r.
Atom : t h e sm a lles t u ni t o r a n cle ment
that
Ca ll
e n te r in to the m akin g o f a
c he mica l co m po u nd.
Atomic weight : the weig h t of an a to m
com pa red wi t h t he weig ht of a n oxy ge n
a t om se t at 16 .
Ba"e: a co m pou nd conta ini ng th e h y-
d ro xid e gr o up ( OH).
Catalp ;! : a s ubs tance t h at helps i n a
c he mical re a c tio n without
it.-;eIr
b ein g
cha nged.
Chemical chang e : a chan ge of a s ub-
sta nce into anot h er sub stance h a ving
differen t p roperties.
Chemhlr)': II branch o f sc ie nce d ea ling
with the com position s of substa nces a nd
th e changes that
can be m ade i n
t hem .
C o m b ust i o n : burning ;
a
che mica l
cha nge that p roduces bea t a nd ligh t .
Com pou m l , a s ubs t a n ce co nsist ing o f
t wo or m ore different k in d s o f atoms in
d efini te proportio ns b )' weigh!.
Cry·.stal: a so lid i n whi ch a toms or mole -
cul es are a r ra n ge d i n a defini te p a tt ern,
Density , t he weigh t o f a liq uid o r a
so lid in gr a ms pe r c m
S
o r mi llil ite r.
Di stillate : a liquid th at h a s be e n tu rn ed
int o ,-apor a n d again coo led in to a liquid.
Di stillation : th e p rocess o f pr oduci ng
a di stillate.
Ductile: ca pab le of be ing dra wn out into
a wire .
Electrolysis , breaking d ow n a s ubs tance
b )' p a ssi ng an electric c urrent thro ug h i t .
Electeofyte s a s ubsta nce t ha t , wh en in
a sol u tio n o r wh en melted ,
will
cond uct
an elec tric c u rr e n t.
Element: a s ubs ta nce t h a t co n ta ins onl y
o ne kin d of a to ms .
Equation' a complete d esc ri p t ion o f a
che mica l rea d io n h y t h e u sc of s ymbols,
formula s , a nd s ig ns .
E,'aporation: the chan gi ng of a su b-
sta nce into vepor , al so the proce ss of rc -
movin g wa ter b)' h ea lin g.
F iltrate: a liquid o b tain ed b )' filtratio n .
Filtration: the p roce s s of s t raini ng a
liquid fr om a so l id t hrough po ro us
mate-
rial,
u sually
filt er p a pe r.
Formula : a gro u p of s y m bo ls an d n u m-
be rs
giv ing t h e compositio n o f a com-
pound .
1I )'drate : a compound co n t a in ing loo sel y
bo u nd wa te r o f
hyd rat
ion ( wa ter of
crys talliza ti on) that can be driv en off
b)"
heat ing .
H)·dro."ide ; a comp oun d that contain s
th e h ydr oxyl (OH )
rad ica l.
Ion : a n
elec trically
charged
ato m
o r
gro up o f a to ms ( r a d ica l) .
.'\l alleahle : ca pable of be in g h amme red
or ro lled in to a thin shee t.
-'latter: a n )-tiIing t hat take s lip s pa ce
a nd h a s weight.
-'Ictal: a n e le me nt t ha t is a good co n-
du ct o r of clect ri "i t )-. h ilS lu s te r, an d
whose ox id e Cor m s a ba se wi th wa te r,
--'tetalluid: a n elem ent t h a t h a s p roper-
ti~,;
o f bo th metal s a n d no nmetals.
:\lhtllre: a mi ngli ng of s ubs ta nces n ot
co mbine d ch emically.
-'Iolecular
wei~ht:
t he s u m o f the
a to m ic ...-ei gh ts o f th e a to ms
that
mak e
up a m olec ule of
6
co m po un d .
:\Ioleculc : the sm a lles t u ni t o f a co m-
pound t ha t c aa ex ist i n the Cree sta te .
::'Ii"eutrali2ation: th e r ea c ti on o f an a cid
a nd a b ase to gi ve a salt a n d wa ter .
Xonmctab a n ele me nt th at is a poor
conduc tor of elec t ri cit y , does no t have
lu st e r, a nd wh ose oxide form s a n acid
whe n combined wit h wa te r.
Organic chemistry:
t he
chernisfry u f
t h e ca rbo n co m po u n ds .
O."id"ti un: t h e proces s
h)"
wh ich 8 su b_
s ta nce co mb in es wi th
oxygen .
P recipitat e : a n in sol uble so lid Corm ed
in a so l u tio n b )' c hem ica l reaction .
R adical: a gro up o f a tom s t h a t be h a ' -e
chem ica ll y a s a s ing le atom .
Rea ction: a ch e m ica l
change.
Reduction:
remo val
o f
oxygen :
t h e
op-
poslte of
ox idation.
S a lt : com po u nd (o t h er th a n wa ter )
Ic rrn ed
b )' t h e re a ct ion o f a n a cid a n d
a base.
S a t u r a t e d s o l u ti o n : a
sol ution
t h at
co n ta ins t he m a xi mum a mo u nt o r so l ute
u n der the co nd i tio ns .
Soi li b ilit )·: th e n u mber
or
gra m s of a
so l u te need ed to mak e
II
sa t u r a ted so-
lu tion
in
100 grams of solv e n t,
S ol u t e : tbe su bs tance
d issolved
in a
so l ven t.
Solution: a
non-set
tling m ixture o f a
solute
in a so h 'en t.
S oh e n t : a liqu id in whi ch a sol ut e is
d is.."Oh -cd .
S u h li m a t i o n : a p roce ss b y whi ch a
!'OJ-
ill is t urned in to va po r a n d 81?ai n coo le d
into a sol id wi tho u t p a ssing throu gh a
liq u id st age.
S u b s cri p t : a s mall n u meral indicating
t h e n umb e r of atoms o f a certa in ele me n t
i n t h e formula o f a compou nd .
S u bst a nce : any s pe c ific ki nd o f m aHe r
whe t he r elemen t , t'Om po u nd , or mi x tur e.
S p n hul : a letter or t wo le tters repre -
se n ting one a tom of an cl eme nt.
S )' lIthe si ;;: t he makin g u p of a co m-
pound fro m si m ple r co mpou n ds o r f ro m
elements ; t h e o pposi te o f anal ysis .
Valence : t he n u mber of hy d rog en a toms
w h ich o ne a to m o f a n ele men t can d is-
p la ce
oc
with wh ich it can u n ite .
o
cop p e r
lin
2
Contents
Fe
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\HUT CHD IIST RY IS
\\' ORDS USED B Y C HEm51'S _......... ....
T HE hlPORTneE OF CII.," STRL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -I
C HE UlSTS OF TH E P .\ST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
~[ETALS
SoDIlJ~1
.' X D P OTASS JU'\! . . •. . . . . . . .. . • . . • • • • • . 58
C .UCIL")I- FO R BUlLDI:"G •..•.• . . . . ....•.. .. .
60
Let 's
CO\ IP ARE Two
~IET.-\Ls
.• .. . . ....•... . .
62
ALU~IL"" .m
- t x ABUl'iO...........CE .. •. . • .•.•.. . . . . .
6-t
:\h:"'-G.\ X ESE-
~IEnL
OF
;\1.,:...- ".
COLOAS .•. . . .
66
WE L" 'E
IX '- AGE O F
Ie ox 68
COPPEA - Y ES TE Ao .n -,
Toner -:0
SILYEA -
O:"'-E
OF
THE
":\"OBLE" :\h:r.-\Ls • • . • •
72
YOUR
1I0~IE
LABORATORY
EQUlP~lE:\"T
FOR C UElliSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . ..
9
SElTI:'\G UP YOUR Hosre
L.-\B OR U ORY ••••• ••. _
10
2\1.-\KI:"i G ApP.\R.nu s FOR
EXPERI~E.'IS
••.•. _. _ 12
ScIE:\iIFiC
:\1 E.-\SUREME::\iS••••• . •• .••••••• _. 14
CORRECT LUJOR..-\T O R 'i
TECH:oiIQUES. _ . • . . • • • • •
1 6
~IORE
ABOUT
FOR~[{;LAS
Y .U£"'iCES
xxu
F O AU UL.-\S ... • . . . •. • .. .. ... .. •
-:·1
T ilE SCI ENT IFIC APPROA CH
:\ I ft. F AR.\D .-\Y' S C .\;m LE . . . • . • . .... _ . . . . . . . • . 18
Yo u - SClE...
,.ISTI . . . . • . . . • . •. . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . .
~O
ELEllE."\'TS,
Coneouxos, axn
.:\I LXTURF.5 .. ...• . 22
ORGAN IC
CIlE~IISTRY
C .\ RBO:'i -
Er.eusxr
OF .\
\1 1LL1O:"
CmIP01J:'i"Ds.
76
Tne
C U E m STR Y OF C .'RBO:" CO:'>IPOU:,\"])S ••. . . . .
78
T HE FOAU1.1"-S OF' C .'RBO:S CO:'>IPOU:...-OS • .••• . .
80
A
LoT OF' H YDROC.\ ABO:s S ..• .• .•...•.. ...•...
82
C.lliBOHymUT ES - S WE ET .' X D B L \........
D •••••• ••
8-t
:\1.,::,\""\,
KI:"'-D S
01"
ALCOHOLS . .. . . . . • . •. •. • . •.. .
88
C ...
au oxvt.rc
A CID s . .. . .. ... ... .. .. • . •.. ... ..
90
F .\TS
.\ :"'-0 OILS
FO A E :'iERG L
92
SoAP
axn
SO W
.\hKL......
G .. • • • • • . . • . . . • • • • . .. .
9-t
P ROT EI:'iS-
THE
Booy- BUlLDDOG FOODS . • • . . . •
96
Cciaoro...
L
DISPERSIO:xS .. • . . . . . .. .. • • • • •... .
100
l"\.'TljRlI.L
.\ :"'- 0
A RTI F'lCH L FIBERS . ... • . • • • •. . .
102
P L.-\s TI CS -
A
\ IODER
-x
G U..'iT . . .. • . •. • . • . • . •
10-t
WAT ER AND GASES
W ATE R - OUR :\IOST htPORTA..'\'T CmlPOl;::"O 2 -l
OXyG£. - T HE BHE.-\TH
OF
L WE 26
I1TDROGE:"i - LIGHTE ST OF ALL . _ • . . .•.. .. . • . • 28
C,"BOX DlO xlOE _____ ______________________ 30
X ITnOGE:-i
.-\."\'"0
I TS
Coasouxos
_..
32
C HLOR I;'liE - FRIE ;'Ii D
1....
....
m
F OE •. .•. ... .. .. .. . .
3-t
CIIDIICAL
FOR~IULAS
C HEmc.\L SnORTIU.:"'-O . . . . . . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . . . .
36
THE PERIODIC T AB LE OF
THE
ELE~IE::'\IS
.• . . . .
38
ACIDS. BASES. AN D SALTS
Tue
~1",sTERIES
OF SOLUTIO ;'IiS . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
40
W
OR..lil:"'-G
WITH
A CIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . ..
42
W ORKJ :"'- G
WITH
B.\SES . . . . . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . . .
-t3
SALT S - CIIl'JIIC.u.s OF \I A:"'- '" U SES . • . • . • . ... .
46
CHE~IICAL ~IATHEMATlCS
WORKI :" G OUT C HEmc.' L EQU.\ T IO:"S .. .• . ... .•
106
T HE F UTURE OF CHE\ IISTRY
W H .-\T' S AIIE...U> L..... C H El llSTR Y? . . . . . •. • . • • • • •
109
NOS~If-.'TALS
10 0l:"'- E -
YIOLET
OA
Bno wxs . . . . . . ..•...• . . -t8
S l."LFlJR A;'Ii D
ITs
CO.\IPOU",,"DS
50
S ILICO:'; -
Tne
ELE~IE:'\"T
You
S TEP
ox 5·l
BORO:" - F L"TUlI E HOCKET-POWE A ELE:'>I E l'iT ? . 5 6
WH ER E TO
GET
CITE:'>I1c-u-<;
.\ :"'-0
EQU1P:'oIE;'IiT . • .
110
Cosmox
C UE m c .\LS
ax
0
THEIR FO"-"IUL\s .•...
111
I :sD Ex ....• . ..•.• .• . . . . . ..•.• . . . .• •...• . . . .
112
3
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I
EVERY HOME KITCHEN IS A CHEMICAL LABORATORY• .-: . ,
CooKINC AND CLEANING ARE CHEMICAL PROCESS ES.
The Importance of Chemistry
THERE I S HA RDLY 8
bo y or a girl ulive who is not
keenly interested in finding ou t about thin gs. And
t hat' s exactly what
chemis try..
is : F INDING OUT
ABUUT T H INGS - finding out what
things
are
mad e of a nd what changes th ey undergo .
'\\n at
things~
Any thing ! EWT)" t hing !
Take a look a ro und
)"OU .
AU th e things you see-
a nd lots of th in gs you can't see - have to do with
t he science of c hemis tr y .
Let's sta r t wit h yourself. T he
air
you breathe is
a mixture of chemi cal substances a nd the process of
breathing is a chem ical reacti on. T he foods
) "OU
eat
arc aU che mical products and the wa ys
In
which
your bo dy turns th em into mu scles and bones a nd
ner ves and bruin cells
aTC
some of th e grea te st of all
che mica l m ysteries.
The clot hes yo u wea r , t he books you read , the
medicine you ta ke, t he hou se in which
) -O U
live -
a ll these a re products of che mistr y.
So
is the famil y
ca r -
the metal in
it , th e rubber o n which
it
rolls.
th e gas t ha t mo ves
it.
N at ure itse lf is a t remendous chem ica l labo rat ory.
Everyt hing in nature is forever passing through
che mical cha nges . H ere o n ea rt h , pla nts and an imals
--=-===~=====~=======d~~
--
INSEa SPRAYS MEAN
HEA LTH IER LI VE STOCK.
"' - .¥9 -_1
CHEM ISTRY PRO VI DES fUEL FO R
All KINDS O F TR ANSPORTATION.
PURI FICATION OF WATER
4
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