The Origins of Old English Morphology(2), languages, Filologia Angielska, linguistics
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Englisches Seminar
der
Universitat Z urich
The Origins of Old English Morphology
Hausarbeit der Philosophischen Fakultat der Universitat Z urich
im Fach
Englische Sprachwissenschaft
Referentin: Prof. Dr. Gunnel Tottie
Stefan H oer
Wiesenbachstrasse 7a
CH-9015 St. Gallen
+41 71 / 310 16 65
shoeer@cl.unizh.ch
Z urich, 26. September 2002
Contents
Symbols and abbreviations
3
1 Introduction
5
2 Aim and scope
5
3 Literature
6
4 Background: Comparative Indo-European linguistics 7
4.1 Old English in the Indo-European language family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.1 The Indo-European language family and the development of comparative
Indo-European linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.2 The Germanic language family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.3 The earliest attestation of Germanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Linguistic reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.1 Internal and external reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.2 Sound laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.3 Analogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5 Conditions of the evolution of Old English morphology 14
5.1 Accent and stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2 Major sound changes from Proto-Indo-European to Old English . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.1 Sound changes in stressed syllables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.2 Sound changes in weak syllables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3 Morphophonemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3.1 Ablaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3.2 PIE root structure and the laryngeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 Exemplication 20
6.1 Noun inection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.1.1
a
-Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.1.2
¯o
-Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.1.3
i
-Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.1.4
u
-Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.1.5
n-
Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1
6.1.6 Consonant stems and minor declensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2 Verb inection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2.1 Strong verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2.2 Weak verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.3 Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 Conclusion
30
References
31
2
Symbols and abbreviations
Abbreviations
acc accusative
AFB Anglo-Frisian Brightening
dat dative
fem feminine
gen genitive
loc locative
masc masculine
neutr neutral/neutrum
nom nominative
part participle
perf perfect
pl plural
pres present
pret preterite
sg singular
WGG West Germanic Gemination
Language Abbreviations
Afr
Afrikaans
Angl-Fri
Anglo-Frisian
Du
Dutch
EGmc
East Germanic
Fri
Frisian
G
German
Go
Gothic
Gr
Greek
L
Latin
LG
Low German
MDu
Middle Dutch
ME
Middle English
MHG
Middle High German
MLG
Middle Low German
ModE
Modern English
3
NGmc
North-Germanic
NWGmc
Northwest Germanic
OE
Old English
OFri
Old Frisian
OHG
Old High German
OIc
Old Icelandic
OLF
Old Low Franconian
ON
Old Norse
OYi
Old Yiddish
PGmc
Proto-Germanic
PIE
Proto-Indo-European
RN
Runic Norse
Skt
Sanskrit
WGmc
West-Germanic
Yi
Yiddish
Symbols
* In historical contexts, reconstructed item; in nonhistorical contexts, ungrammat-
ical or nonoccuring item.
† extinct language
?
zero-ending, empty morpheme
>
becomes
<
derives from
[ ] phonetic representation
/ / phonemic representation
{}
morphemic representation
<>
graphemic representation
C
consonant
V
vowel
N
nasal
R
nasal/liquid
V, V:
long vowel
V, V
short vowel
R
syllabic consonant
U
non-syllabic vowel
4
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