The Vital Guide to Military Aircraft, Wydawnictwa anglo i rosyjskojęzyczne
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T.HE-
'~ILITARY
AIRCRAFT
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.,.
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GUIDE TO
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SECOND EDITION
FULLY REVISED. EXPANDED AND UPDATED
EDITOR: ROBERT HEWSON
THE
VITAL
·.GUIDE TO
MILITARY
AIRCRAFT
SECOND EDITION
FULLY REVISED, EXPANDED AND UPDATED
Copyright
©
2001 Robert Hewson
First published in the UK in 1994
Second edition published in'the UK in 2001 by Airlife Publishing Ltd
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book
is available from the B'ritish Library
EDITOR: ROBERT HEWSON
ISBN 1 84037 065 3
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
transmitted in any foml or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.
Compiled and designed by:
Robert Hewson
Printed in Hong Kong
Airlife Publishing Ltd
101 Longden Road, Shrewsbury, SY3 9EB, England
E-mail: airlife@airlifebooks.com
Website: www.airlifebooks.com
Airlife
England
United States
Transport/special missions aircraft
Romania
Advanced trainer/light attack aircraft
Beech (Raytheon) King Air
Avioane IAR-99 Soim
T
he Beech Super King Air family of six- to 10-seat,
All ofthe US Army's Guardrail-configured RC-12s,
like this RC-12N, are festooned with antennas for
their communications intercept and jamming role.
R
omania has a long tradition of aeronautical
This is Avioane's IAR
99
Soim demonstrator aircraft,
a
capable, cost-effective trainer which makes
maximum use ofnew technology.
twin-turboprop business aircraft evolved from
the King Air 90 and King Air 100 to the Model 200
Super King Air, which first flew on 27 October
1972 (the 'Super' title was dropped from all King
Airs in 1996). The Model 200 was an enlarged,
more powerful derivative, with a T-tail, increased
wing span, extra fuel and improved pressurisation.
The Model 200 was rapidly adopted by all US
armed services, primarily as utility aircraft/light
transports, under the designation C-12. Variants
include the C-12A (Model A200 for the US Army,
USAF and Greece); UC-12B (Model A200C with
cargo door for USMC and USN; TC-12B (USN crew
trainers converted from C-12B); C-12C (with uprated
PT6A-41 engines for US Army, later US Customs
Service); C-12D (Model A200CT for US Army,
USAF); C-12E (USAF C-12As refitted with PT6A-42s);
C-12F (Operational Support Aircraft similar to
B200C for USAF, US Army and National Guard);
UC-12F (USN equivalent of PT6A-42-powered
C-12F); UC-12M (C-12F equivalent for USN); C-12R
(B200C for US Army). The designation C-12J has
been applied to a version of the Beech Model 1900
operated by the USAF and Army, while the C-12S
is a Model 350 operated by the US Army.
Other military operators of the (Super) King Air
include Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia
Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana,
Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica,
achievement, and it succeeded in maintaining
an independent aviation industry through the stag-
nant years of Communist control - which ended
with the 1989 'revolution' In 1975 the Institutul de
Aviatie (INAv) began work on what would become
the first aircraft to be designed and built completely
'in country', the IAR-99 basic jet trainer. The project
was formally launched in 1979, with the ambitious
aim of replacing the Aero L-39 Albatros in Eastern
European service. IAR-99 production was conducted
by Avioane Craiova, Romania's only builder of fixed-
wing military aircraft, which was founded (as IAv
Craiova) in February 1972.
The IAR 99 is a conventionally-configured low-wing,
single-engined trainer with a tandem seat layout. For
attack training it can be equipped with a ventral
GSh-23 23-mm gun pod, and has four underwing
hardpoints. The prototype first flew on 1 December
1985 and two flying development aircraft were
built. The first IAR-99 was equipped with a mix of
UK and French-supplied avionics, but the political
climate forced a change to less-sophisticated
Eastern systems from the second aircraft onwards.
The IAR 99 proved to be an extremely reliable
and user-friendly aircraft, with excellent handling
Japan (Model 350, local designation LR-2), Mexico,
Morocco, Pakistan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden (local
designation Tp 101), Thailand, Turkey and
Venezuela. A radar-equipped maritime B200T patrol
version serves with Algeria, Peru and Uruguay.
The US Army operates battlefield signals intelli-
gence (Sigint) RC-12s, under the Guardrail
programme. Current versions include the RC-12D
Improved Guardrail V (Model A200CT, fitted with
AN/USD-9 remote-controlled communications inter-
cept system, associated antenna and wingtip pods);
RC-12G (increased weight version based on RC-12D);
RC-12H Guardrail Common Sensor (System -3),
increased weight version based on RC-12D; RC-12K
Guardrail Commons Sensor (System
4),
developed
from RC-12H, also delivered to Israel; RC-12N
Guardrail Commons Sensor (System 1), developed
from RC-12K with new mission fit; RC-12P
Guardrail Commons Sensor (System 2), developed
from RC-12N; RC-12Q Direct Satellite Relay (relay
platform for RC-12P) The US Navy also operates
two RC-12M RANSAC range patrol aircraft.
qualities. Deliveries of an initial batch of 20 began
~
the Romanian air force in 1988. Beginning in
1990, Avioane tried to develop a series of improved
aircraft with Western avionics. An IAR 99 fitted
with Honeywell avionics first flew on 22 August
1990, while a second demonstrator fitted with
Collins systems flew on 7 November 1991. Avioane
next collaborated with IAI on another upgraded
version. This received the new designation IAR-l09
Swift and made its maiden flight on 2 December
1993 - but only a single example was built.
Since 1996 Avioane has been developing the
significantly enhanced IAR 99 Soim (falcon), in
conjunction with Elbit. This version incorporates
many of the advanced avionics systems applied to
the Romanian MiG-21 Lancer upgrade, developed
for the air force by Aerostar and Elbit, at Bacau.
These include a MIL-STD 1553B databus, Elbit
modular multi-role computer, Flight Visions HUD,
two cockpit colour MFDs, GPS/INS, integrated Elbit
chaff/flare dispenser and the Elbit DASH helmet-
mounted display system. In 1998 the Romanian air
force ordered 24 Soims for delivery by 2004 (with a
view to then upgrading its existing IAR 99s also),
and Avioane is actively offering the type on the
export market.
Sweden is one ofmany nations that operates the
versatile Model 200 Super King Air
as a
utility
transport, or for priority cargoes.
Romania's existing fleet ofbase-line IAR
99
trainers
may be upgraded to IAR
99
Soim standard, once
procurement of the new aircraft is complete.
Specification: Beech Re-12K
Powerplant: two 820-kW It,100-shp) Pratt &
Whitney Canada PT6A-41 turboprops
Dimensions: wing span 17.63 m(57 ft 10 in)
over ESM pods; length 13.34 m(43 ft 9 in);
height 457 m(15 ft 0 in)
Weights: empty 3327 kg (7,334 Ib); maximum
take-off 7348 kg (16,200 Ib); maximum payload
more than 1043 kg 12,300 lb)
Performance: maximum level speed at 4265
m114,000 ft) 481 kmh (299 mph); maximum
cruising speed at 9145 m(30,000 ft)438 kmh
(272 mphl; service ceiling 9420 m130,900 ftl;
take-off distance to 15 m(50 ft)869 m(2,850
It);
range at maximum cruising speed 2935 km
(1,824 milesl
Specification: Avioane JAR
99
Soim
Powerplant: one (17.79-kNI4,000·lb Rolls-
Royce (licence-built by Turbamecanica) Viper
632-41M Viper turbojet
Dimensions: wing span 9.85 m(32 ft 3 in);
length 11 m(36 ft 1inl; height 3.87 m(12 ft 9 inl
Weights: take-off, clean 4390 kg (9,680 Ibl;
maximum take-off 5572 kg 112,285 Ibl;
maximum payload 1000 kg (2,200 Ib)
Performance: maximum level speed 940 kmh
(585 mph); service ceiling 12903 m142,322 ft);
maximum mission radius 1100 km 1683 miles)
Armament: centreline point for podded
23-mm GSh-23 twin-barrelled cannon with 180
rounds, and up to 250 kg (550 Ib) of stores on
each of four underwing hard points
11
10
/
United States
Armed combat scout helicopter
United States, Canada
Tactical transport helicopters
Bell OH-58D Kiowa (Model 406)
Bell Model 205, 212 and 412
D
erived from the Bell
Model 204/UH-1 Iroquois,
I
n March 1968 Bell's
Model 206A JetRanger
five-
These Kiowa Warriors are operated by the US Army's
1-7 CAV, based at
Ft
Hood, where they operate as
advance scouts for the 1st Cavalry Division.
This Turkish army UH-1H
is
typical
ofthe
huge
number of UH-1Hs that are still in military service
around the world.
the improved
Model 205
was first flown in
August 1961. Retaining the existing T53 turbos haft,
it introduced a larger-diameter main rotor, additional
fuel capacity and a lengthened fuselage. Over
2,000
UH-1Ds
were built for the US Army, followed
by the similar
UH-1H,
which introduced the uprated
T53-L-13 engine. A total of 2,008 UH-1 Ds and
3,573 UH-1 Hs were built for the US Army alone,
and the type was exported to over 50 countries.
With several thousand Model 205/UH-1 Hs still in
service, a number of companies offer modernisation
and upgrade programmes. Bell Helicopter has
developed the
Huey II
upgrade, which adds the
uprated T53-703 engine and a new transmission
system. The Huey II has been ordered by Colombia
and more sales in South America are likely. Other
UH-1 conversions include the Global Helicopter
Huey 800,
which completely replaces the T53 with
an LHTEC T800-800 engine and UNC Helicopter's
UH-1/T700,
which adds the GE
noo
engine.
The
Model 212
'Twin Huey' is a twin-turbine
UH-1 H, fitted with two PT6T-3 turboshafts driving a
single shaft. Announced in May 1968, the 212 was
launched with a Canadian order for 50
CH-135
aircraft.
The USAF, USN and USMC acquired it as the
UH-1N
seat light helicopter was ordered into production
for the US Army as the
OH-58A Kiowa
for the light
observation role. Deliveries began on 23 May 1969,
and over five years a total of 2,200 was procured.
Export customers comprised Australia (56 licence-
built
Kalkadoons),
Austria (12
OH-58Bs)
and
Canada (74 COH-58As) From 1978, 585 OH-58As
were converted to improved
OH-58C
standard with
a flat glass canopy, an uprated engine with infra-red
suppression and improved avionics.
In 1981, the Bell
Model 406
proposal was
selected as the winner of the US Army Helicopter
Improvement Program (AHIP) competition. This
new version, known as the
OH-58D,
introduced a
mast-mounted sight (housing a
TV
and IR sensor
with a laser designator/rangefinderl, a four-bladed
main rotor, defensive systems lincluding an IR jam-
mer and laser-warning system) specialised mission
avionics and new cockpit displays.
Initial plans to upgrade 592 US Army OH-58As to
OH-58D standard have been revised several times
and the current total stands at 424. The first OH-58D
conversions began
in
1983. In 1987, 15 specially-
armed OH-58Ds were upgraded for Operation Prime
Chance. Based aboard US Navy vessels in the
Persian Gulf, they were used on clandestine
missions against Iranian fast-patrol boats, that were
harassing international oil tanker traffic. The deci-
sion was taken to add a permanent weapons fit to
and the Marines are now upgrading their aircraft to
UH-1Y
standard (in parallel with the AH-1 Z Cobra
upgrade) The UH-1Y will be fitted with an all-new
four-bladed composite rotor system and new cock-
·p.it systems. Italy's Agusta has built the Bell 212
under licence as the
AB 212,
and also developed a
range of special missions versions. The most
important of these is the shore-/ship-based anti-
submarine variant, the
AB 212ASW.
In 1978 Bell introduced the
Model 412.
Essentially similar to the Model 212 it featured an
entirely new four-bladed main rotor system. The
Model 412 has been built by Agusta as the
AB 412
and by Indonesia's IPTN as the
NB 412.
Developed
versions include the
Model 412SP
(Special
Performance) with extra fuel and increased maxi-
mum take-off weight;
Model 412HP,
with uprated
transmission; and the
Model 412EP
(Enhanced
Performance) powered by a refined PT6T-3D
engine and fitted with a three-axis digital flight con-
trol system. This is now the standard production
model. In 1992 Canada ordered 100 aircraft, based
on the Model 412EP, as the
CH-148 Griffon.
Since 1986 all Bell helicopter production has
been undertaken in Mirabel, Quebec, by Bell
Helicopter Textron Canada.
all US OH-58Ds, becoming known as
OH-58D(I)
Kiowa Warriors.
All of the US Army's OH-58Ds
are now Kiowa Warriors, and feature with integrated
weapons pylon, uprated engine and transmission,
increased gross weight, RWR, IR jammer, laser
warning receiver, integrated avionics and a lighter
structure. Typical weapons include Hellfire missiles,
70-mm rockets and 0.50-in gun pods. Beginning in
May 1991, 192 new-build Kiowa warriors were
delivered to the US Army, and 25 Kiowa Warriors
have also been acquired by the Taiwanese army.
All US Kiowa Warriors have been further modified
modified to
Multi-Purpose light Helicopter
(MPLH)
standard, with squatting landing gear and
quick-folding rotor blades, fins and tails for rapid
redeployment by air
The
Model 406CS Combat Scout
is a lighter
and simplified export derivative of the OH-58D,
retaining the main rotor, tail rotor and transmission
and a similar powerplant. Fifteen TOW-capable
OH-58s were delivered from June 1990 onwards to
Saudi Arabia as
MH-58Ds.
In British service the
Model
412
is
known
as
the
Griffin HT.Mk
1.
The type serves with the tri-service
Defence Helicopter Flying School.
This Kiowa Warrior
is
armed with a versatile mix of
weapons, including an air-to-air Stinger missile
(starboard) and a Hellfire anti-tank missile (port).
Specification: OH-58D(I) Kiowa Warrior
Powerplant:
one 485·kW (650·hp) Allison
250·C30R/3 (Tl03·AD·700) turboshalt
Dimensions:
main rotor diameter 10.67 m
(35
It
0 inl; length overall, rotors turning 12.58 m
(42 It 2)1 in) and fuselage 1048 m(34 It 4){ in!;
height overall 3.93 m(12
It
10)1 in)
Weights:
empty 1492 kg (3,289 Ibl; maximum
take·off 2495 kg (5,500 Ibl
Performance:
maximum level speed 232 kmh
(144 mph); hovering ceiling more than 3660 m
(12,000
It)
in ground effect and 3415 m(11,200
It)
out of ground effect; range 496 km 1308 milesl
Armament:
0.50·in gun pods, 70·mm rocket
pods, plus provision for Stinger AAMs and
Hellfire anti· armour missiles
SPECIFICATION:
Bell 412EP
Powerplant:
two 1342·kW (1 ,800·hpl Pratt &
Whitney Canada PT6T·3D Turbo Twin·Pac
turboshalts
Oimensions:
main rotor diameter 14.02 m(46
It);
height, tail rotor turning 457 m(15 ft); length,
rotors turning 17.12 m(56 It 2 in)
Weights:
empty, standard 3079 kg (6,789 Ibl;
maximum take·off 5397 kg (11,900 Ib);
maximum external hook load 2041 kg (4,500 Ib)
Performance:
max cruising speed, at sea
level 226 kmh (140 mph); hovering ceiling, in
ground effect 3110 m(10,200
It)
and 1585 m•
15,200 It) out of ground effect; maximum range,
with no reserves 745 km (463 milesl
12
13
United States
Multi-role combat helicopter
United States
Tilt-rotor tactical transport
Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey
Bell AH-1 Cobra
,i
B
ell Helicopter Textron and Boeing Vertol joined
A
Ppearing in 1965 as an 'interim' armed helicopter
The AH-1WSuperCobra is the US Marine Corps'
standard attack helicopter. Most surviving aircraft
will be upgraded to the advanced AH·1Z standard.
Under current plans the US Marine Corps hopes to
acquire 30 MV-228 Ospreys per year, from 2006/07
onwards, replacing elderly CH-46E helicopters.
escort; the Bell Model 209 HueyCobra was
derived from the UH-l, retaining its powerplant,
transmission and rotor, but introducing a new, slimmer
fuselage with the now-standard 'gunship' configuration
of stepped tandem cockpits. Bell produced some
1,100 AH-1Gs for US Army service in Vietnam.
The US Army's Cobra fleet underwent several
upgrades over its service life. In 1989 the designation
AH-1F was adopted for the final production-stan-
dard aircraft, grouping together the changes and
improvements adopted by the preceding AH-l P,
AH-1E and Modernised AH-1S Cobras. These aircraft
have a 'flat-plate' canopy, TOW sighting system
nose turret, exhaust suppressor and composite
main rotor blades with tapered tips. Primary armament
is four BGM-71 TOW missiles and a chin-mounted
M-197 20-mm cannon. Some AH-l Fs were upgraded
with the NTS/C-Nite sight, in place of the earlier day-
time-only M65 system.
The AH-1 has been largely replaced by the AH-64
in US service, but some are still active with ANG
and Reserve units. The AH-1 F was built under
licence in Japan by Fuji, and Bell AH-1 F/Ss have
been exported to Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, South
Korea, and Thailand and Turkey.
forces in the early 1980s to develop a larger
derivative of the XV-15 tilt-rotor demonstrator for
the Joint Services Advanced Vertical
Lift
Aircraft
(formerly JVX) programme. This effort was launched
by the US Army and then transferred to the Navy in
1983. Combining the vertical lift capabilities of a
helicopter with the faster forward flight efficiencies
of a fixed-wing aircraft, the resulting V-22 Osprey
(Bell Boeing Model 901) was awarded a full-scale
development contract in May 1986. It is powered
by two Allison T406 turboshafts driving three-bladed
'proprotors through interconnected drive shafts.
The wingtip-mounted engines, transmissions and
proprotors can tilt through 97° 30' between forward
flight and steep-descent or hovering flight. The
blades and wings can also be quickly folded for
stowage aboard aircraft carriers.
The first of five EMD prototypes flew on 19
March 1989 and the Osprey successfully demon-
strated airborne transition from helicopter to wing-
borne flight in September 1989. The fifth and final
prototype flew on 11 June 1991.
Initial requirements called for 913 Ospreys; 552
MV-22A assault transports for the USMC; 231 similar
variants for the US Army; 80 USAF CV-22As for
long-range special forces transport; and 50 HV-22As
for US Navy combat SAR, special warfare and fleet
logistic support missions. The US Navy also foresaw
a need for up to 300 SV-22A ASW versions.
Bell went on to develop a twin-engined version
of the AH-1, chiefly for the US Navy and Marine
Corps The first example, the AH-1J of 1970 led to
1977'sAH-H and then to the AH-1W SuperCobra
which the the only currently active variant. A total
~0t--194
AH-1 Ws were converted for the USMC from
existing AH-H airframes, between 1986 and 1998.
The 'Whisky Cobra' is powered by two nOO-GE-401
turboshafts, has a stretched fuselage and tail, and
distinctive bulged cheek fairings to accommodate
updated avionics. The AH-l W is the primary assault
helicopter in Marine Corps service and has been
exported to Taiwan (63) and Turkey (nine). Bell is
now offering an affordable 'multi-role' version of the'
AH-1W
During the 1990s plans for the Osprey changed
dramatically as the programme was cut-back, can-
celled, re-instated and cut back again. The USMC
requirement has dropped to 360 MV-22Bs, while
the Navy plans to acquire 48 C-SAR-configured
HV-22Bs in around 2010. All plans for US Army
Ospreys have been dropped and while the USAF
still has a notional requirement for 50 CV-22Bs,
these aircraft may yet be cancelled.
In May 1997 assembly began of the first production-
standard MV-22B. Thirty Ospreys have been ordered
into low-rate initial production and deliveries began
to the USMC in mid-1999. Marine Corps evaluation
of the Osprey (conducted by VMMT-204) was
blighted by several crashes. Two aircraft were lost
on 8 April 2000 (killing 19 Marines) while a third
crashed in December. The Nos 4 and 5 prototypes
were involved in earlier accidents in 1991/92. While
the crashes were not attributable to any inherent
design flaws all Ospreys were grounded, and the
future of the expensive and controversial aircraft
has been called into question once more.
with
all
guided
weapons
capability
removed, as the MH-1W.
The US Marines plan to upgrade 180 AH-1 Ws to
AH-1Z standard, by fitting a four-bladed main rotor,
uprated nOO-GE-401 engines, digital cockpit systems,
integrated helmet-mounted sight, AGM-114 Hellfire
missiles and an all-new Lockheed Martin Target
Sight System (with a laser designator) The first AH-1 Z
flew on 7 December 2000. Turkey plans to acquire
up to 145 similar aircraft, known as AH-1W
KingCobras, while another version of the AH-1 Z
has been offered to Australia as the ARH-1Z.
The Japan Ground Self-Defence Force acquired
80
AH-1S Cobras (equivalent to the US AH-1F) which
were built under licence by Fuji.
The V-22 has the ability to transition from vertical to
horizontal flight, thanks to its revolutionary, but
controversial, tilt-wing technology.
Specification: Bell Helicopter AH-1W
Powerplant: two 1285-kW (1 ,723-shp)
General Electric TlOO-GEA01 turboshalts
Dimensions: main rotor diameter 14.63 m
148 Itl; length overall, rotors turning 1768 m
(58 ItI and luselage 13.87 m(45 It 6 in); height
overall 4.44 rn (14 It 7 inl
Weights: empty 4953 kg (10,920 Ib); maximum
take-off 6691 kg (14,750 Ib)
Performance: maximum level speed 'clean' at
sea level 282 kmh 1175 mphl; service ceiling
4270 m(14,000 It); range 518 km (322 milesl
with standard luel
Armament: one chin-mounted M-197 three-
barrelled 20-mm cannon; maximum ordnance
790 kg 11,741 Ib)
Specilication: Bell/Boeing V-22 Osprey
Powerplant: two Allison T406-AO-400
turboshalts each rated at 4586 kW 16,150 shpl
Dimensions: rotor diameter, each 11.61 m
(38 It 1 in); wing span 15.52 m(50 It 11 in) incl.
nacelles; length, luselage excl. probe 17.47 m
(57 It 4 inl; height over lins 5.38 m(17 It 7% in)
Weights: empty equipped 14463 kg (31,886 Ibl;
max take-off 27442 kg (60,500 Ib); max int.
payload 9072 kg (20,000 Ibl; max ext. payload
6804 kg (15,000 Ib)
Performance: maximum cruising speed
185 kmh (115 mph) in helicopter mode and
509 kmh (316 mphl in aeroplane mode; service
ceiling 7925 m(26,000 It); assault range
953 km (592 miles)
14
15
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